Essay about Alcoholism - 1842 Words

Alcoholism Alcohol Dependence is a disease characterized by: a strong need or compulsion to drink, the frequent inability to stop drinking once a person has begun, the occurrence of withdrawal symptoms (nausea, sweating, shakiness) when alcohol use is stopped after a period of heavy drinking, and the need for increasing amounts of alcohol in order to feel an affect. Most experts agree that alcoholism is a disease just as high blood pressure, diabetes and arthritis are diseases. Like these other diseases, alcoholism tends to run in the family. Drinking alcohol is not the only factor that leads to alcoholism, it is a chronic disease that leaves an everlasting effect on the persons life and his family. The basic difference between the†¦show more content†¦It also examines hypothetical role relationships between moderate drinkers and alcoholics. She argues after accepting alcoholism a disease, Alcoholics generally are attributed unfavorable characteristics and a vast majority of the respon dents reject them in close relationships. Responses toward the other groups (for example, blind, cancer patients) are considerably more favorable. In addition to the between-group differences, additional differences in attitudes are related to the characteristics of the respondents. This finding suggests that although lay perspectives are usually overlooked by service programs, these neglected perspectives are important (Ries 338). People who begin smoking before age 13 are significantly more likely to have drug and alcohol problems. Hanna and Grant in their research on alcoholism reached on conclusions based on data gathered from the 1992 National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Survey. The survey included 42,862 peoples ages 18 or older. Diagnosis of depression and drug use disorders were made based on questions from Alcohol Use Disorders and Association Disabilities Interview Schedule also known as AUDIS. The 3 survey asked respondents about the onset, duration and volume of daily smoking and about anyShow MoreRelatedAlcoholism : Alcoholism And Alcoholism2482 Words   |  10 Pageslead to extreme alcohol abuse and even alcoholism. The society we live in is strongly prejudiced by alcohol, and affects people of all ages, gender, and background. It has been uncovered to millionaires to the homeless. Alcohol abuse has been a problem throughout the history of humanity; it is a disease which has caused many people to be overcome with trouble, problems, and debts also pattern of drinking that interferes with day-to-day activities. Alcoholism is a term that is widely recognized throughoutRead MoreAlcoholism The Disease : Alcoholism And Alcoholism1829 Words   |  8 PagesAlcoholism the Disease According to the Dual Diagnosis website, â€Å"In 2012, as many as 87.6 percent of American adults over age 18 were reported in a SAHMSA†¦study to have consumed alcohol at some point in their lives†¦The National Institutes of Health†¦estimated that 17 million adults in the United States in 2012 had an alcohol use disorder† (â€Å"Disease†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). Approximately one in every 12 people either are abusing alcohol, or they are becoming, if not are, victims of alcoholism (National†¦). Alcohol consumptionRead MoreAlcoholism And Their Effects On Alcoholism Essay1326 Words   |  6 PagesMillions of people every year are affected by alcoholism. Both those suffering from alcoholism, and their family members. Out of the millions effected, only a fraction of them seek help in taking control of their addiction. There are many similarities between individual cases of alcoholism, and countless resources to help those who wish to stop drinking, and rekindle their relationships with their families. Statistics In 2014 in the United States 87.6% of people age 18 and older have reported drinkingRead MoreThe Dangers Of Alcoholism And Alcoholism1165 Words   |  5 Pagessomeone to drink and how can they overcome alcoholism? Are a person s emotions the motivating factor to suppress depression or hate? Are social groups, peer pressure, or the need to fit in the primary motivator or is it a result from the type of environment the drinker was raised in? Is it possible to overcome alcoholism and live a happy and normal life? Let’s take a look at a few of the factors that could motivate someone to fall victim to alcoholism and the chances of overcoming this dreadfulRead MoreAlcoholism : Is Alcoholism A Disease?929 Words   |  4 PagesAlcoholism has raised many debates over the truth of its nature. Many scholars argue that alcoholism can be treated as a disease. Such approach to defining alcoholism means denying that alcohol abusers own a choice. In consequence, the treatment related diffe rs and may or may not actually help alcoholics recover. A wrong diagnostic of this addiction can lead to serious health issues; therefore, it is vital to answer the following question: Is alcoholism a disease? Most experts in this field criticisesRead MoreAlcoholism And Dependency Of Alcoholism924 Words   |  4 Pagessources. The research study that will be the main focus of this paper will be on alcoholism and topics discussed on the dependency of alcoholism. One will come across with articles having different discuss on the effects, use of and dependency of alcoholism. The introduction section will include a brief definition of alcoholism. Overall the paper will discuss about the causes of alcoholism, effects of alcoholism, the treatment for alcohol dependence. Method section will discuss about the participantsRead MoreAlcoholism Is An Epidemic Of Alcoholism1492 Words   |  6 Pages It’s no secret that alcoholism is an epidemic. Anyone can fall prisoner to its call. Alcoholism knows no gender, no age, and no race. Alcoholism is an addiction to alcohol. This addiction is not a joke, or a reason to shame others. Its effects on people can be fatal. Alcoholism has claimed the lives of many people. Not always in the same way, but all the same a life lost. The way that some people lose their lives is listed as following: they lose their family, friends, homes, jobs, and etc. nowRead MoreThe Problem Of Alcoholism And Alcoholism1539 Words   |  7 PagesAlcoholism proves to be a leading cause of brain damage and body malfunction all across America, ultimately endangering your life and the ones around you, but overcoming alcoholism seems to be a harder obstacle to overcome because this addictive drug imprints denial on your brain and makes you think you can stop drinking whenever you want. Denial is one of the hardest hurdles to jump over to getting help for al coholism and abuse. The desire to drink is so strong that the mind finds ways to rationalizeRead MoreAlcoholism And Its Effects On Alcoholism2456 Words   |  10 Pages Alcoholism is one of the most intractable and pervasive psychological disorders known. Though the negative health consequences of alcohol are widely understood, and, if anything, the social consequences of alcoholism are even more widely acknowledged, it seems that no matter what steps are taken by public health officials or private organizations, no strategy can ever be fully developed for eradicating alcoholism. There are a number of reasons why this is true. This paper will explore some ofRead MoreAlcoholism : An Exploration Of Alcoholism2043 Words   |  9 PagesDrink Too Many: An Exploration of Alcoholism Many adults can enjoy a drink or two from time to time without any issues, but just one drink can cause over seventeen million Americans’ lives to spiral out of control. Though most people do not have issues with drinking alcoholic beverages, many have a condition which causes their brain to function differently when they consume alcohol. This disease can be deadly for both the alcoholic and those around them. Alcoholism can control someone’s life, and

Genesis And Theogony... Plagiarism Essay - 1483 Words

Genesis and Theogony†¦Plagiarism? The Book of Genesis is a compilation, and like every compilation it has a wide variety of contributors who, in turn, have their individual influence upon the final work. It is no surprise, then, that there exist certain parallels between the Theogony, the cosmogony of the early Greeks, and the Book of Genesis, the first part of the Pentateuch section of the Bible. In fact, arguments may be made that the extent of this borrowing, as it were, is not limited to Genesis; the Theogony has its own roots in Greek mythology, predating the Book of Genesis by a thousand years. A superficial examination of this evidence would erroneously lead one to believe that Genesis is somewhat a collection of older mythology†¦show more content†¦The message remained constant, but the context would subtly change. There were tribes of Israel in Egypt during the Egyptian Middle Kingdom period, which certainly exposed these people to Egyptian culture as well as Babylonian culture as a result of trade between the two kingdoms. Having placed Abraham and certain early Semites in this time, we now understand the culture they knew and the impact it had on the creation of Genesis. The book of Genesis is about the beginnings of creation and life on earth. It begins with â€Å"nothingness† and in the first seven days following God creates the heavens and the earth, light and darkness, the seas, plant life, then came the sun and the moon, the fowls and the creatures who roam the lands, followed by humankind to finish it all off. Comparing the creation aspects of Genesis to Theogony, we see that the earth was again created out of â€Å"nothingness† known as Chaos. Chaos, instead of creating everything on earth, created several other godly beings to create the earth as it is today. Therefore, it can be deduced that the stories of Genesis we derived from the stories of the gods and goddesses of Theogony. Another similarity the stories possess is in the identity and condemnation of women as evil. In Theogony women were created to be an evil placed upon the earth to cause suffering for men because Iapetos, a mischievous god, stole fire from Zeus and pres ented it to man. In retaliation, Zeus had his lame smith mold the shape of a â€Å"modest

Team Building and Leadership-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Write Self-reflection on leadership and team Building. Answer: Introduction Organization is accompanied by complex set of activities in which various functions are performed. In this report, construction of the patchwork analysis has been asked to prepare effective leadership and team building program for the organization. The main theme of this developed program is related to leadership and cultural issues faced by the employees in business functioning. In this part of the report, Patch-1 which is outward bound reflective evaluation has been discussed for the betterment of the organization. Self-reflection on leadership and team Building has shown the key impact of the business. Patch-1 Outward bound reflective evaluation The outward bound is the organization which focuses on the development of the youth and assists them to build leadership skills in their functioning. It is considered that leaders need to understand all the internal and external factors of the business before implementing new strategies and program in organization. This organization has main focus on developing the leadership and team building intents in each and every youth (Miller, 2015). Self-reflection Throughout my time in Outward Bound, I have learned several learning programs which have helped to develop my personality and made me more employable. The one of the best course which I took from Outward Bound was related to leadership program. In this program, I was sent on the practical learning training in ABC Company. This company is accompanied by the complex set of activities in which various function are performed. I was hired their as probationer management trainee. In that company, I was assigned work of instructing employees and assist management department to formulate strategies. However, I had to face lot of problems and issues in the starting to work with the team. The main problem which I faced was related to understanding the organizational culture and working format of that organization. Nonetheless, I adapted myself to the organizational culture of ABC Company and cope up with the all the new changes and business factors. I had to assist 40 employees to perform thei r work in effective manner. I identified that some of the employees were facing conflicts while working in group. I used my own leadership intents and helped them to find mutually accepted solution to reduce their problems and conflicts in determined approach. After that case, I realized that I am very efficient in getting work done from others in effective manner. In addition to this, throughout my work in that organization, I was assigned independent work to do which I had to complete within the assigned deadline (Miller, 2015). I took the help of 20 employees and instruct them to complete that task under my surveillance and instructions. I realized that if I could understand each and every employees value, perceptions, wants and needs then I could easily convey them to do particular task. I needed to work with them as group or team to deliver best level of results. Nonetheless, problems like corporation and coordinations have been faced by each and every employee due to different level of perception of each and every employee in team. Throughout my work I made proper follow up with each and every activity of employees and motivated them for the better level of work. My motivation was very good help for them to work as team and deliver best level of services to organization. I also learned that being a leader I had to satisfy each and every employees demand and need to motivate them. Otherwise I have to face failure in compliance in the desired level of outcomes. After that, in the end, our team got the best result and we deliver the task within the assigned deadlines (White cotton, Libby Phillips, (2013) Outcome of the experience in that organization There were several best things which I learned throughout my experience in ABC organization. I have learned how to act like leaders to establish proper coordination between employees. The main theme of this developed program is related to leadership and cultural issues faced by the employees in business functioning. I have learned how to get the work done in best efficient manner (Sullivan et al 2014). I have learned that if I evaluate all the internal and external factors of the business then I could easily increase the overall effectives of the business an outcome of the organization. The one of the main challenge which I have faced is related to increasing the overall outcome of the work while working in team. In this part of the report, Patch-1 which is outward bound reflective evaluation has been discussed for the betterment of the organization. My outward outcome of the business will increase the overall outcomes and increase the efficiency of the business. It is designed that if being a leaders I could increase the overall outcomes of the organization then it will not only assist me to increase the overall outcomes of the business. I have learned coordination, corporation and team building intents in business. This business functioning and my experience in this organization has helped me to learn critical understanding and team building efforts through the time. It has helped me to increase the overall outcomes of the organization. I have learned how to tackle employees in best efficient manner. I have faced various issues and problems in my working which has increased my learning and interpretation power. I had to coordinate with the 40 employees at the same time to get the desired level of output from the business. I have also increased my working efficiency by using proper level of managerial skills. This level of experience and my own working intents have assisted me to develop effective leadership intents in my working (Fickler, et al. 2016). Now in the end, I could infer that if a person could have theoretical and practical knowledge in his working then he will surely learn various important aspects of working. Leadership and team building sprit are the most required intents of the successful management skills of the organization. I have realized that establishing proper coordination and effective working environment is based on the strategies prepared after evaluating proper internal and external factors of the business. This self-experience has helped me to understand the key concept of business and how management works to get the work done in stipulated time manner. I have learned that being a leader I have to understand each and every ones aspects, values and business functioning. I learned to work in team and also developed effective leadership intents in my work. This level of working experience helped me to face various problems and issue and I also learned to develop effective solution for the business (Finkler, et al.2016). References Finkler, S.A., Smith, D.L., Calabrese, T.D. Purtell, R.M., (2016).Financial management for public, health, and not-for-profit organizations. CQ Press. Miller, B. (2015). Shining with the Marginalized: Self-Reflection and Empathy in Stanley Kubricks The Shining. Sullivan, S.D., Mauskopf, J.A., Augustovski, F., Caro, J.J., Lee, K.M., Minchin, M., Orlewska, E., Penna, P., Barrios, J.M.R. Shau, W.Y., (2014). Budget impact analysisprinciples of good practice: report of the ISPOR 2012 Budget Impact Analysis Good Practice II Task Force.Value in health,17(1), pp.5-14. Whitecotton, S., Libby, R. Phillips, F., (2013).Managerial accounting. McGraw-Hill Higher Education.

Stranger Than Fiction Lit Critical Appreciation Essay Example

Stranger Than Fiction Lit Critical Appreciation Paper Stranger Than Fiction is another original yet broadly appealing movie to add to Kaufmans list of Impeccable Cinematographic Creations. This is one movie where two distinctly different themes, Comedy and Tragedy, are intelligently mangled with, occasionally even bordering on the lines of melding with each other.The movie, briefly put, scripts the life of its protagonist- Harold Crick, a Chicago IRS auditor whose world comprises of nothing but facts and figures. He epitomizes every characteristic a person is required to possess for society to label them a drone. From the eerie extent of obsessing over the proscribed number of toothbrush strokes each session must receive, to his genius ability to mentally solve large multiplication problems, this fastidious male is unknowingly, in a skewed yet extraordinary manner, the perfect lead character for a story book.The realization that the British voice narrating the movie was intended for not only the audience, but in fact specifically at Har old also, appalls many. This interesting use of an omniscient narrator draws in audience related themes such as Determinism and Fate and more blatantly surfaces the existence of yet another character- Karen Eiffel.Harbouring a Sylvia Plath sort of disposition, this chain smoking recluse of an author is adamant to find the appropriate closure for the main character of her latest downbeat novel, who happens to be none other than Harold Crick. However, the plot gradually reaches its climax when Karen, so desperately trying to find inspiration for a tragic ending, is put in contrast with Harold, who is urgently trying to pinpoint the problem with the perceived hallucinations or voices in his head. With the wisdom and advice of literary professor Jules Hilbert, he eventually understands the book he is living in and most vitally, the possible ends he would eventually have to face.Determinism is greatly exemplified here, where any possibility of free will Harold originally had the right to was ruled invalid and denied. Most pertinent to him, of course, was the fact that death was inevitable and there was no other alternative but it. Hhis fate was controlled by the antecedent script of the book. This prevailing theme brings the film to an entirely deeper level, much different from the regular bland, brainless on-screen entertainment we are usually provided with these days.Harolds contiguous brush with death allowed his character to concentrate on the emotional essentials of life, as opposed to the usual mundane and routine aspects he previously focused on. Like any other movie, romance is a necessity and topping this one of with tasteful humor and a tinge of predictability, Harold falls in love with an alterative bohemian baker whom he was delegated to audit. She fits comfortably in the category of a political non-conformist who refuses to pay the income taxes she deems objectionable. Moreover, she finds Harold Crick the root cause of the wrong in America, which makes their growing love for each other an uncanny yet amusing watch.The cerebral notion of suspense the movie entails is what keeps any viewers eyes glued to the screen. Kaufmans design of Stranger Than Fiction never once provides a moment in time where questions about the plot stop popping up in ones mind despite the many hints apparent throughout the film. With the assistance of a respectable supporting cast, this movie does not steer off tangent from start to finish. Regardless of the somewhat abrupt ending, Stranger Than Fiction is in a odd and eccentric way a must-watch and by far one of Kaufmans greatest portrayal of clever cinematography.

Life on the Set essays

Life on the Set essays Teenage sex, Selfish nes and sorrow, all releated. Teen - greek for Meloncolly. Teen is harest of any decade, as your bones grow, they do hurt. Not physicaly, but you know. And its time for crudemess, denyal and destuction. And there is nothing that i thought i havnt said before, be true to your age. We can go out and *censored* 5 girls a night, wake , go to sleep at 4am and wake up at 9 and then do it all over again. . .sex is related to everything at the teen years, babeys, aids, religion. . .it all ties in to the horixontal mombo. Woman smell like no other. To be boren sexless is to be born a drone. Sex and music, the 2 most magic things. No experiance is the same to getting smashed, and *censored*ing to some hard corp *censored*. I say, break rules, take drugs, watch por, get laid, start fights, piss off your parents, why? cuz we can do it once, we have one shot. Its my life, and its now or never. Electrolites smell the greatest stoned. Jobs, do we need one? YOU CANT FIRE ME!! I FUCCKIN QUIT! Get the *censored* outa my life, im gunna make the same mistakes you did. there is no adult under 60 that hasnt smoked, *censored*ed or drake. And what can u do when u get lectured about how bad it was and why u shouldnt do it. you say, if i dont do it now, then when? Believe in no kids fogiving? No? Well one just did, but not for my actions, for the worry. Broken, shatetrd and torn, who cares? You know, Hey, i got a new complaint, im forecer in debt to you priceles advice, SO FUCK OFF AND SHUT UP! Its christmas eve, another way to decieve and lie to children. I must say, my father allways aproched santa so i wouldnt be crushed, id say, is there a santa, his reply, do you believe in him? I do believe there are laws that should be followed. Rape, if i knew someone who did it, i would nail his cock to a tree, set the tree on fire, give em a rusty butter knife and say *censored*en cut or burn. If he cut, id douse him in petrol and hand him a f...

5 Ways to Be More Productive and Get Things Done

5 Ways to Be More Productive and Get Things Done We’ve all been there: trying to multitask, but actually getting no tasks done. Workplaces are full of distractions, both personal and professional. New project ideas, trays of goodies, gossip, that new GIF going around†¦ the temptations are endless. Here are five ways you can train your brain to tune out all the noise and really engage in what you’re doing. You’ll be much more productive and infinitely more satisfied with the work you’re doing when you can give it all of your attention, even for just an hour at a time. There are also some great  apps that will help you boost your productivity.Take a second to assess your state of mindTypically, we are most likely to divert our attention when we’re feeling daunted or uncomfortable. The next few times you realize you’ve been interrupted, try and retrace your feelings to the moment just before you lost your focus. Were you nervous? Bored? Angry with your boss? This will help give you a se nse of danger zones so you can learn to avoid them.Triage to get to the most important stuffUsually the easy stuff is the most pressing, takes up the most of our headspace, and is the least important. Try knocking off all of the menial and logistical tasks first thing so you can devote the rest of your day to the important, more substantive projects.Schedule your most important hoursFigure out your most productive hours of the day and make them sacred. At your best from 9 a.m. until your first coffee break? Or maybe just after the boss has left in the afternoon? Make a schedule for your deepest concentration and stick to it. Don’t let anyone disturb you.Train your concentration musclesGood focus doesn’t happen overnight. Your ability to focus is a muscle and must be built up gradually. Time yourself between interruptions and try to power through to make your period of highest concentration longer and longer every day. You will get stronger and better at it, and work mi ght even become a pleasure.Pace aroundHave a problem you can’t quite figure out? Too much going on around you? Too many chefs? Take it outside and go for a short walk to clear your head. Sometimes we do our best thinking when our bodies are moving automatically and our brains are free to roam.

The role of women in the Israeli army today Assignment

The role of women in the Israeli army today - Assignment Example Even though such contributions are considerably informal, they take a center play in the course of conflicts. In essence, women involvement in the military spans three thousand years into the past throughout different cultures and nations. Currently,† women in uniforms† serve in the armed forces although the majority of the combatants have predominantly been men. Women service in the military has been a controversial subject in the women welfare circles. Despite the diverse but limited roles of women in the military, their contributions in the combat have been significant. The women who have participated in the military have expressed commendable competencies that have motivated women fresh women combatants.in the American civil war, women dressed just like men and participated in the armed conflict. This paper exemplifies the contribution of women in the military activities in the current era. On May 26th, 1948, the Israeli prime minister, David Ben-Gurion, ordered for the conscription of both single and married women who were born between 1920-1930 into the Israeli Defense Forces. The women served under the umbrella body of Women Corpse and were tasked with the responsibilities such as nursing, signal operations, driving, clerical work, and cooking for the militants. Some of the early women soldiers to be conscripted into the Israeli Defense Forces include Yael Rom, who was the first female pilot to be trained by the Israeli Air Force and later conscripted in 1951. In September 1969, Hava Inbar was appointed the judge of the military court in Haifa. Hava Inbar said, â€Å"I am glad that I was appointed; it proves that the Israeli Defence Force leaves almost all doors open for its female soldiers.† This statement is an assertion of the milestone involvement in the Israeli military. Before the establishment of the Israeli state, women correctly served in combat roles in the

PathGoal Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

PathGoal Theory - Essay Example The articles are different in the way that Chester A. Schriesheim and Linda L. Neider provide more research and literature review on the theory while Jim Bolt discusses the modern leader and importance of changing the dimension of a modern manager's role in the company. Schriesheim and Neider begin their article by mentioning the developers' definition of a leader and the functions that are supposed to be held by a modern manager of an organization. They stress that, the function of a leader is to increase "personal pay-offs to subordinates for work-goal attainment and make the path to these pay-offs easier to travel by clarifying it, reducing road blocks and pitfalls, and increasing the opportunities for personal satisfaction en route" (House, 1971, p. 324). Effective leaders assist employees in their career path that is aimed at individual fulfillment of employees and organizational benefit. Most of the investigations of House's path-goal theory have concentrated on exploring relationships between leadership behaviors (e.g., consideration and initiating structure) and outcome measures (e.g., satisfaction) while studying the impact of different moderator variables (such as task structure). House (1971), for example, found preliminary support for t he contention that situational variables may moderate the relationship of perceived initiating structure as well as consideration and such effectiveness measures as subordinate job satisfaction. The authors of the article cite Bass (1990) noting that the leader "needs to complement only what is missing in a situation to enhance the subordinate's motivation, satisfaction, and performance" (p. 627). Mentioning about over 100 studies published on the theory of path-goal leadership, Schriesheim and Neider continue the article by outlining the findings of few studies. The results of a meta-analysis of over 40 studies, Resulted in a support for the basic propositions of the theory, particularly with respect to the role of initiating structure, moderated by taskcharacteristics, on employee satisfaction. The results with respect to performance as an outcome variable and with respect to leader consideration behaviors appear to be far less consistent, and this may account for the removal of subordinate performance from the most recent statement of the theory. Another study provided by Szilagyi and Sims (1974) found that "while task characteristics moderated the relationship between initiating structure and employee satisfaction, the same was not true with respect to the relationship between initiating structure and performance". Further, Schriesheim and Schriesheim (1980) found that perceived consideration appears to be strongly related to employee satisfaction levels regardless of situational characteristics. Specifically, supportive leadership explained 63% of the variance in supervisory satisfaction scores, even after instrumental leader behaviors were paialled out. This finding is also consistent with the meta-analyses conducted by Fisher and Edwards (1988) and Wofford and Liska (1993), both finding support for a positive relationship between leader consideration and subordinate job satisfaction. Both of these meta-analyses also, however, provided only mixed results regarding the theory's proposed moderator relationships. In contrast to Schriesheim and Neider, Bolt does not refer to any studies in his article but

Quasi Turbine Essay Example for Free

Quasi Turbine Essay 1.INTRODUCTION Quasi turbine is a zero vibration continuous combustion rotary engine having four faces articulated rotor with a free and accessible centre rotating without vibration nor dead time and producing a strong torque at low rpm under a variety of modes and fuels. The quasi turbine is also an optimization theory for extremely compact efficient engine concept. It is a new engine concept from Canada which offers a design similar to that of rotary engines but with the advantages of a gas turbine-all within the confines of a chamber based on the shape of a Saint Hilaire skating rink profile. Each Quasi turbine device is at the cross road of three modern engines: inspired by the turbines: it perfects the piston, and improves on the Wankel. The Quasi turbine results from a research initiated in 1993 aimed at unifying the compression and power turbine into one entity. This invention is a new hybrid engine concept, midway between the piston and the turbine engine which requires relatively few components such as stator with covers, rotating blades, rocking carriages, wheels, and joints. Quasi turbine is also an environmental friendly engine, which provides an engine concept free from atmospheric gas pollution, noise pollution, thermal pollution etc. In this engine efficiency stays constant and optimum no matter the power of the unit. Inventors: – Francoise, Gilles, Roxan 2.OBJECTIVES Objective of this invention is to provide a new engine concept unifying the compressor and power turbine into one entity that is a conventional gas turbine engine. Another object of this invention is to provide a low noise, perfectly balanced, zero vibration, low r.p.m engine, giving less time to compression and expansion stroke and allowing more time and volume to the intake combustion stroke. A further objective of this invention is to provide a fast accelerating, zero dead time and to provide an engine almost universal to energy sources, which can run efficiently on pneumatic, steam, hydraulic, liquid and gas fuel internal combustion. Another objective is to provide an engine, which has a short pressure peak, cold intake area characteristics, so that it is suitable for photo detonation mode pure hydrogen fuel combustion. Another objective is to provide a high weight and volume density engine, without need of any valve, check valve or obstruction and within neither a crankshaft nor a flywheel. 3. CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS [pic] The invention is an assembly of four carriages supporting the pivots of a four element, variable shape rotor, which is confined within a chamber (internal housing counter wall-stator) based on the shape of a Saint Hilaire skating rink profile. This profile offers the rotary components of the engine a bigger, more uniform radial path, enabling maximum torque to be reached more efficiently than a normal combustion. Two lateral plane covers close the engine end. The rotor is composed of four pivoting blades playing a similar role as the piston or turbine blades. Each pivots sit into one of the four rocking carriages. Each carriage is free to rotate around the same pivot in such a way as to be continuously and precisely in contact with housing counter. A central shaft is not needed for the engine to operate. It can be driven through a set of coupling arms attached to the blades by means of traction slots and through a set of arm braces, the ends of which are linked to central shaft . The central shaft unit can be easily removed through the back cover central hold with out dismantling the engine. Pivoting blades are shaped with the filler tip to allow the control of residual volume in the upper and lower chambers at maximum pressure configuration. Carriage wheels should be wide to reduce contact pressure with the counter wall. For smoother operation, roller bearings are inserted in the blade’s hook pivots. Intake, spark plug and exhaust ports are made either radially in the housing, or axial in the side covers, or both. In order to pass along the flame make a continuous combustion engine, a small channel(ignition flame transfer slot) located along the internal housing counter wall next to spark plug allows a voluntary flow back of hot gases into the next ready-to-fire combustion chamber. Screwing or unscrewing the spark plug can control the amount of flow. This channel is called ignition transfer cavity. An ignition-timing advance can be built-in by slightly shifting the effective position of spark plug and / or the channel. To help cooling and reduce lubrication, at least one of the lateral side covers has a large central hole exposing the pivoting blades to central area of the rotor such that all parts of engine are external, except for the carriage and wheels which are always in good thermal contact with the housing contour. Since the seals are the only friction surfaces, the need of lubrication is minimized by an optimal choice of anti-friction materials. The housing, the pivoting blades and the carriages can be made of metal, glass, ceramic or plastic, the later mostly for compressor, pump or water-hydraulic engine application. In a photo-detonation engine because it employs a homogenous charge and compression ignition, it is often described as a HCCI engine . HCCI (Homogeneous charge Compression Ignition) combustion results in Virtually no emissions and superior fuel efficiency. This is because photo detonating engines completely combust the fuel, leaving behind no hydrocarbons to be treated by a catalytic converter or simply expelled into the air. The higher pressure required for Photo-detonation puts a significant amount of stress on the engine itself. Piston engines can’t withstand the violent force of the detonation. And traditional rotary engines such as the Wankel, which have longer combustion chambers that limit the amount of compression they can achieve, are incapable of producing the high- pressure environment necessary for Photo detonation to occur. The Quasi turbine with carriages is strong enough and compact enough to with stand the force of Photo-detonation and allow for the higher compression ratio necessary for pressure heated self-ignition [pic] QUASI TURBINE SPECIFICATION |SHAFT POWER |ROTOR DIAMETER |ROTOR THICK | | 70 HP | 10cm | 5cm | | 530 HP | 25cm | 10cm | | 4000 HP | 53cm | 20cm | | 33000 HP | 1m | 16inch | | 260000 HP | 2m | 82cm | 4. THE WORKING OF A SIMPLE QUASI TURBINE [pic] The simpler Quasi turbine model looks very much like a traditional rotary engine: A rotor turns inside a nearly oval-shaped housing, Notice, however that the Quasi turbine rotor has four elements instead of three. The sides of the rotor seal against the sides of the housing, and the corners of the rotor seal against the inner periphery, dividing it into four chambers. In a piston engine, one complete four-stroke cycle produces two complete revolutions of the cranks shaft. That means the power output of a piston engine is half a power stroke per one piston revolution. A Quasi turbine engine, on the other hand, doesn’t need pistons. Instead, the four strokes of a typical piston engine are arranged sequentially round the oval housing. There’s no need for the cranks shaft to perform the rotary conversion a in basic model, it’s very easy to see the four cycles of internal combustion. †¢ Intake , which draws in a mixture of fuel and air †¢ Compression, which squeezes the fuel air mixture into a smaller volume. †¢ Combustion , which uses a spark from a spark plug to ignite the fuel. †¢ Exhaust, which expels waste gases (the by-products) from the engine. 5. WORKING OF QUASI TURBINE WITH CARRIAGES. [pic] In a Quasi turbine, as the rotor blade turn the volume of the chambers change. First the volume increases, which allows the fuel air-mixture to expand. Then the volume increases, which allows the fuel air-mixture to expand. Then the volume decreases, which compresses the mixture into a smaller space. It is also found that when one combustion stroke is ends then the next combustion stroke is ready to fire. By making a small channel along the internal housing wall next to the spark plug, a small amount of hot gas is allowed to flow back to the next ready to for combustion chamber when each of the carriage seals passes over the channel. The result is continuous combustion, just like in the airplane gas turbine. What all this amounts to the Quasi turbine engine is increased efficiency and performance. The four chambers produce two consecutive circuits. The first circuit is used to compress and expand during combustion . The second is used to expel exhaust and intake air, kin one revolution of the rotor, for power strokes are created. That’s eight times more than a typical piston engine! Even a Wankel engine, which produces three power strokes per rotor revolution, can’t match the performance of a Quasi turbine . 6. COMPARISON BETWEEN QUASI TURBINE AND WANKEL ENGINE 1. The Wankel engine uses a rigid three-face rotor with a crankshaft. The quasi turbine uses a deformable four faces rotor without a Crankshaft. 2. The Wankel engine shaft turns at three times the rotor RPM. The quasi Turbine rotor and main shaft turns at same RPM Speed. 3. The Wankel engine fires only once per revolution The quasi turbine fires 4 times per main shaft revolution, producing Exceptional torque continuity. 4. When the Wankel engine rotor goes from one T.D.C to next, the Torque increases to a maximum value and starts decreasing right Away (progressive). The torque generated by the quasi turbine gets rapidly to a plateau, and hold this maximum for a long arc before decreasing, giving a better overall mechanical energy conversion rate. 5. The Wankel engine has a dead time. The quasi turbine strokes are consecutive with no dead time. 6. The Wankel engine can not be operated in diesel mode due to the excess expansion volume which adiabatically cools down the combustion. Quasi turbine has no excessive volume and can run in diesel Mode. 7. Due to its one single fire per shaft revolution and the dead time, the Wankel engine needs a flywheel. Quasi turbine does not need a flywheel, and consequently has faster acceleration. 8. Since the Wankel engine’s shaft rotates at three times its rotor speed, it is not suitable for low rpm compressor or pumps. But quasi turbine is suitable for this. 7.COMPARISON BETWEEN QUASI TURBINE AND CONVENTIONAL TURBINE CONVENTIONAL TURBINE The conventional turbine is a continuous flow engine at intake and exhaust. As the conventional turbine do not convert the pressure forces but rather kinetic energy of rapid flows, it is then necessary to convert the pressure forces in high speed flows by a channeling or by oriental expansion. This intermediatory conversion is particularly complex. And in this case some of energy will be lost mainly due to viscosity, turbulence, and some of thermal conduction of hot gases. The conventional turbine is generally located where the flow is fastest. Also a complete conversion of kinetic energy into mechanical energy is not occurred in a conventional turbine. In many applications one has flow velocity near the sound speed where any instability, impurity or condensate may damage the turbine. QUASI TURBINE As the conventional turbine, the quasi turbine is a continuously flow engine at intake. And exhaust Quasi Turbine, which turns under the effect of static forces and does not make use of hydro or aerodynamic flow properties. Consequently Quasi Turbine converts the potential forces directly into mechanical energy. Because the Quasi Turbine operates under the effect of static forces, it cannot be damaged by saturated steam, by small impurities in the fluid flow. 8. COMPARISON OF QUASI TURBINE AND I.C ENGINE 1. In I.C engine piston makes positive torque only 17% of the time and drag 83% of the time. This is not the case in Quasi turbine. 2. In I.C engine gas flow is not unidirectional, but changes directions with the piston direction. But in Quasi turbine it is unidirectional. 3. In I.C engine valve inertia being a serious limitation to the engine revolution. In Quasi turbine there are no valves. 4. The duration of the piston rest time at top and bottom are without necessarily too long in I.C engines. But it is not the case for Quasi turbine. 5. In I.C engine there is quite important noise level and vibration. But it is not the case for Quasi turbine. 6. In I.C engines accessories like cam shaft uses a substantial power , but in Quasi turbine there is no need of cams 7. In I.C engine lubricant is to be used as heat coolant, which require a Cumbersome oil pan. But Quasi turbine requires no lubrication. | | |Number of expansions In every two | | |Volume of each |revolutions | | |Chamber | | |Piston4 strokes |50cc |1 | |(Gasoline) | | | |Piston 2strokes |50cc |2 | |(Gasoline) | | | |Wankel 4 strokes |50cc |6 | |Qurbine 4strokes |50cc |8 | |(Gasoline) | | | | (Gasoline) Qurbine2strokes |50cc |16 | |Qurbine (steam/pneumatic) |50cc |16 | 9. QUASITURBINE FEATURES 1. Zero vibration In quasi turbine, rotor rotates with a fixed centre of gravity and the Engine is perfectly balanced so there is no chance of vibration. 2. Less noisy For comparable power, the quasi turbine is much quieter than the piston engines, since it splits each expansion into four per turn and evacuates the gases more gradually and on a greater angular displacement 3. Less pollution As the quasi turbine expansion starts quicker than in the other engines, there will be less time for the NOx formation, and less transfer of heat to the engine block. 4. Continuous Combustion with lower temperature Due to an earlier expansion than in he piston engines, initial energy is immediately transferred in to mechanical energy without awaiting the middle of the stroke as in the piston engines. This initial expansion cools immediately the combustion gases, which have less time to transfer their heat to the engine block. So continuous combustion is possible with lower temperature. 5. Better torque continuity and Acceleration The Quasi turbine has jointed torque impulses without the assistance of a flywheel. This gives a better torque continuity for quasi turbine. Flywheel is the main obstacle to engine acceleration. Since Quasi turbine has no fly wheel it gives fast acceleration. 6. More effective conversion into Mechanical energy For a better mechanical energy extraction, compression impulses should be as short as possible. The Quasi turbine has this assymmetry by compressing the mixture in a smaller angular zone and by using a greater angular displacement for the expansion. 7. Not sensitive to detonation Due to the earlier expansion process, quasi turbine reacts better to photo detonation. 8. Compatible with Hydrogen The Quasi turbine meets the fundamental criteria imposed by the Hydrogen engine of the future (that is cold intake area, low sensibility to detonation, less pollutant, robust and energy efficiency). 10. APPLICATIONS 1. Quasi turbine aviation In a propeller airplane, weight reduction allows a larger payload, space saving allows to reduce the aerodynamic drag, absence of vibration increases instruments reliability and flight comfort, the noise reduction increases the discretion level, the high torque allows the use of multi-blades propeller and the better intake characteristic of the Quasi turbine allows higher flight altitude. In a helicopter, a large diameter Quasi turbine could generate enough torque to directly drive of the rotor blades without any gearbox, while making much less noise. So Considering the high power density, the low cross section area and the exceptional intake characteristics of the Quasiturbine, it is reasonable to expect to conceive an airplane engine 2. Quasi turbine Stirling engine In the Quasi turbine Stirling, all the engine shell is pressurized with helium, so that the inter-chambers leaks are automatically recycled by the central region, and required only sealing of a turning shaft (comparatively to the sealing of the back and forth piston connecting rods, unless sealed machines, which the Quasi turbine also can be). The Stirling engines are also known to be large and heavy, which the Quasi turbine-Stirling concept should solve. 3. Quasi turbine pneumatic engine Since the Quasi turbine is a pure expansion engine (which the Wankel is not, neither most of other rotary engines), it is well suitable as compressed fluid engine Air engine or air motor. The pneumatic engine does not show any vibration on the shaft. It does run in heavy smoke or under water as well. 4. Quasi turbine racing car Formula Quasi turbine is a proposal to develop and built of a racing car using the new Quasi turbine. rotary engine. Because the Quasi turbine has a much higher specific power density than the piston engine. A single Quasi turbine. rotor of about 50cm in diameter and 20cm thickness could develop 1000 H.P. at only 3000 rpm. Absence of flywheel would allow much higher acceleration. It is proposed to have the racing car with a differential clutch coupling (no gear box at all). This would much improve the racing cars endurance. 5. Quasi turbine hydrogen engine model A good way to store Hydrogen is to link it with carbon atom. Quasi turbine prefers Hydrogen storage in Carbon molecules. This Hydrogen Carbon molecule storage technique is safe and simple and has been appreciated by humans for centuries under the name of Hydrocarbon fuels. 6. Quasi turbine pumps Quasi turbine is a very compact and light device without Power shaft, which allows to pump large volume. In the pump mode the Quasi turbine has two intakes and two exits. 11.CONCLUSION For over 50 years, researches have been dreaming about the Perfect engine, having uniform combustion, with a small combustion chamber (high compression ratio). This is what the Quasi turbine does by producing much shorter pressure pulses, and further more accepting photo-detonation. Quasi turbine eliminates all the energy wastes occurring in piston and Wankel engine and also it can satisfy modern engine criteria. The research is going on to further improve and develop this highly innovative concept and for creating commercially viable prototypes of Quasi turbine. In future we can see more developments happening in the field of quasi turbine. 12.REFERENCE 1. www.quasiturbine.com 2. www.me.berkeley.edu/cal/QT. 3. http://quasiturbine.promci.qc.ca 4. http//kairos.dsa.uqam.ca/tycoon/Quasiturbine 5. Quasiturbine: Article by Lawrence Tse.

Information Systems Essay example -- Business, Technology

Introduction The use of information technology or Information System has defined the way business is conducted globally over the past several decades. The internet has led to high rate of globalization; this is of special significance to the various industries (Reponen 2003). Goods and services can now be offered or sold in a large scale and in various part of the globe. The consequence of this is the growth in customer base for many business entities, especially the supermarkets (Reponen 2003). Due to large markets, various business entities have found it more convenient to adopt the use of information system and Information technology to both manage the large customer data and also reach them in the global market (Burgess, 2002). This report centers on the use of Information Technology/Information System in Tesco Supermarket. It begins by giving a brief overview of the supermarket and examines the benefits and challenges faced by the supermarket as it utilizes Information System (Burgess, 2002) . Description of Tesco Supermarket Tesco Supermarket was founded by Jack Cohen; he started by selling groceries in the market of End of East London from1919. The brand of Tesco first appeared in 1924 after Jack Cohen bought a large volume of tea shipment from T.E Stockwell (Blythe 2008). He came up with the name Tesco by picking the first two letters from T.E Stockwell (TE) S from Stockwell; he then combined these letters with the first two letter of his surname (Co) to form Tesco. The fist Tesco Store was opened 1929. This was followed of opening of the first self-service store in 1948 in St Albans. Subsequently, in 1956, the first Tesco Supermarket was opened. Tesco Supermarket has since established numerous subsidiaries all over ... ...formation technology has helped Tesco Supermarket to link up with its subsidiaries spread over a wide geographical area (Nag & Sengupta 2007). The supermarket has also managed to engage in electronic information interchange with its business partners and clients. The Information System has enabled the supermarket to reduce cost of its operations, increase its efficiency and win the trust and loyalty of its customers. Nonetheless, Tesco Supermarket has experienced some challenges with the use of Information Technology. These challenges have been occasioned by, amongst other factors, system failure, the need to train its workforce every time a new technology is introduced. In some cases, these challenges led to reduced profit margin and increased overhead costs. Moreover, during such challenges, the supermarket experiences slowed rate of work (Singh, et al 2005).

Levering Diversity and Inclusion in the Workplace

This article sheds light on how some companies approach diversity and inclusion training from a standpoint that may be doing more harm than good. The article speaks to what not to do or say as it relates to diverse groups of employees. Mainly to ensure no lawsuits occur or any laws are broken. However, a recent study by researchers from Harvard University, University of California at Berkeley and the University of Minnesota showed that diversity training that emphasizes the threat of lawsuits actually had a negative effect on diversity. In addition, attitudes about diversity showed no measurable changes after such training. The research showed that the problem with negatively directed diversity training was that it emphasized differences rather than similarities. The training tended to group people according to characteristics, such as color and religion, rather than individual preferences. Noting that race and religion, being such a â€Å"touchy† subject, put managers in a position where they felt they were being intrusive or encroaching on employees freedoms. Getting one step closer to breaking laws or having impending lawsuits. This article was written to suggest an alternate way of presenting diversity and inclusion as it relates to the work place. They suggest that training should focus more on similarities of diverse group members and non-diverse group members. This creates an open line of communication and appreciation that although a difference exists among them they still share common ground. They suggest that the key to successful training and in breaking down stereotypes is to focus on exercises that allow people to relate as individuals. Instead of using words like â€Å"diversity† or even â€Å"similarity,† turn the employee’s thoughts to â€Å"individuality. † At even the basic level all people can relate to being an individual. This individuality is generally more widely accepted than thinking of someone being a part of a â€Å"diverse† group. The major goal in addressing diversity from this stand point also shifts management’s mindset from what not to do to what they can do as it relates to positive diversity and inclusion training.

An advice leaflet for teenagers on how to lead a healthier lifestyle

To start with, if you want to look good and stay fit, you should exercise and eat a healthy and balanced diet. Today, 25% of the world’s population are dying from heart disease which is caused by fat blocking the artery which carries blood that goes to the heart and that’s how people die. You can stop this problem by exercising. What good will this do to you? Well, when you run or do any sort of exercise, your body will burn the fat and make you feel lighter. You can argue with me that fat is needed for keeping you warm in the winter. True, but it’s needed in limited amounts. If you exercise, it exercises not only your body but also your heart and will also control your breathing rate. Secondly, you should eat a balanced diet. That is eat carbohydrates: bread, cornflakes, wheat etc. more every day to give you energy to start your day; vitamins and minerals- fruit and veg to boost up your immune system: defence for your body to protect you against harmful diseases and fats and oils for storage and warmth in your body- e.g. chocolate. You should also eat proteins e.g. egg for growth and repair of cells. Thirdly, you should get out, cycle or play football with your friends and feel the fresh, clean and pure breeze rushing on to your face and making you feel refreshed. It also gives you a break from study and calms your mind from stress. You should at least go out for an hour every day. So overall what I am trying to do is to get you all to agree with me that you should exercise, get outside and feel the fresh air and eat a balanced diet for your healthy lifestyle, healthy body and healthy mind. Pictures to fit the above points: An unfit body: A fit body: Let’s see what you have learned. Fill in the quick quiz below: 1. What do you need in order to have a healthy diet? 2. What do you need to do in order to remain fit? 3. What does going outside to play etc. do to you? Submit your answers no later than Tuesday 7th February 2011 on this address: 12, Fitchburg province, Tennessee, US 00345 Website- www.healthyadvicemagazine.com

Attribute Tags and Their Alternatives

Attribute Tags and Their Alternatives Attribute Tags and Their Alternatives Attribute Tags and Their Alternatives By Mark Nichol While reviewing an article or a story you or someone else has written, you notice a preponderance of iterations of what are often referred to as attribute tags phrases that identify a speaker, such as â€Å"he said† and â€Å"she said.† What do you do about this repetition? Several possibilities exist. The most obvious solution is to vary your attributions by using synonyms for said, and you can easily find such word sets online. But first, a couple of unconventional suggestions: First, consider leaving them as is. If you’re writing a news article or a similar piece of content in which you are quoting one or more people, you’re doing so to identify your sources and clarify who made each comment. That’s a basic journalistic principle, and even if your content is not strictly journalistic in nature, it’s not necessary to employ a wide array of variations of said. Note that reporters do not shy from repetition of functional attribute tags such as â€Å"Smith said† and â€Å"he said.† Skim a handful of news article, and you’ll see it’s true. That’s because journalists know that readers virtually ignore the repetitive verb in favor of keeping track of the shifting nouns or pronouns. Also, said is preferable to many of its synonyms in straightforward nonfiction because it doesn’t have the subjective bias that more colorful synonyms such as groaned or yammered do. Of course, feature articles and more extensive interviews are another matter. In those cases, judicious replacement of said from a small store of synonyms is reasonable, but know the difference between acknowledge and admit, for example, and understand that crowed or gasped or proclaimed are outsized alternatives that must fit the context. Often, you’ll find that it’s just as effective to delete attribution as it is to vary it or, at least, to reconstruct sentences so that you indirectly introduce a quotation rather than directly attribute it. This approach is applicable for narrative nonfiction or for fiction. Here is a range of alternatives for attributing a statement: â€Å"You’ll be hearing from me again,† he said. â€Å"You’ll be hearing from me again,† he hissed. â€Å"You’ll be hearing from me again,† he whispered menacingly. He turned to me and said, â€Å"You’ll be hearing from me again.† His reply was emphatic: â€Å"You’ll be hearing from me again.† He looked at me coldly, and his parting words haunted me: â€Å"You’ll be hearing from me again.† What about attribution in extended dialogue in fiction? Refer to the works of your favorite novelists to assure yourself that few attribute tags employing some variety from the choices displayed above are necessary, as in this hypothetical excerpt: â€Å"This is Bert’s initial statement,† Bert said. Ernie stared at him in disbelief. â€Å"This is Ernie’s response to the first statement.† â€Å"This is Bert’s reply to that response.† â€Å"Ernie uses Bert’s name in this question.† â€Å"Bert answers the question,† Bert replied as he lit a cigarette. â€Å"Then he elaborates on his reply.† â€Å"By now, it’s obvious that the two characters are trading brief comments, each in its own paragraph, so no attribution is necessary here.† â€Å"However, if the conversation becomes more complex to the point of multiparagraph speeches, a simple, single attribution within each paragraph will suffice to clarify who is speaking,† Bert insisted. â€Å"Or the writer can mention, for example, that Ernie shifts uncomfortably as Bert explains himself, or that Bert pauses deliberately for effect, or something like that.† As Ernie strode out of the room, Bert heard him say, â€Å"Just don’t ravage Roget in a strenuous effort to lace conversations with vivid but distracting alternatives to said.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Possessive of Proper Names Ending in S"Confused With" and "Confused About"12 Misunderstood and Misquoted Shakespearean Expressions

Tips for Reading and Enjoying a Dramatic Play

Tips for Reading and Enjoying a Dramatic Play In order to understand and appreciate a play, its important not only to watch it being performed but to read it. Seeing actors and directors interpretations of a play can help create a more fully-formed opinion, but sometimes the nuances of stage directions on the written page can inform as well. From Shakespeare to Stoppard, all plays change with each performance, so reading the written work either before or after viewing a performance can help further enjoyment of dramatic plays. Here are some suggestions for how to closely read and fully enjoy a dramatic play. Whats in a Name? The title of a play can often provide insight about the plays tone, and hints to the playwrights intention. Is there symbolism implied in the plays name? Find out something about the playwright, or his/her other works, and the historical context of the play. You can usually learn a lot by finding out what element and themes are in the play; these arent necessarily written on the pages, but inform the work nonetheless. For instance, Anton Chekhovs The Cherry Orchard is indeed about a family who loses their home and its cherry orchard. But a close reading (and some knowledge of Chekhovs life) suggest the cherry trees are symbols of the playwrights dismay at the deforestation and industrialization of rural Russia. In other words, it often helps to see the forest for the (cherry) trees when analyzing a plays title. The Plays the Thing If there are parts of the play that you dont understand, read the lines aloud. Visualize what the lines would sound like, or what an actor would look like speaking the lines. Pay attention to stage direction: Do they enhance your comprehension of the play, or make it more confusing? Try to determine if there is a definitive or interesting performance of the play you can watch. For example, Laurence Oliviers 1948 film version of Hamlet won an Academy Award for Best Picture and he won Best Actor. But the film was considered highly controversial, in literary circles especially, because Olivier  eliminated three minor characters and cut Shakespeares dialogue. See if you can spot the differences in the original text and Oliviers interpretation. Who Are These People? The characters in the play can tell you a lot if youre paying attention to more than just the lines they speak. What are their names? How does the playwright describe them? Are they helping the playwright convey a central theme or plot point? Take Samuel Becketts 1953 play  Waiting for Godot, which has a character named Lucky. Hes a slave who is badly mistreated and eventually, mute. Why, then, is his name Lucky when he would seem to be just the opposite? Where (and When) Are We Now? We can learn a lot about a play by examining where and when it is set, and how the setting affects the overall feel of the play. August Wilsons Tony Award-winning 1983 play Fences is part of his Pittsburgh Cycle of plays set in the Hill District neighborhood of Pittsburgh. There are numerous references throughout Fences to Pittsburgh landmarks, even though its never explicitly stated that thats where the action takes place. But consider this: Could this play about an African-American family struggling during the 1950s have been set elsewhere and had the same impact? And Finally, Go Back to the Beginning Read the introduction before and after you read the play. If you have a critical edition of the play, also read any essays about the play. Do you agree with the essays analysis of the play in question? Do the authors of various analyses agree with each other in their interpretation of the same play? By taking a little extra time to examine a play and its context, we can glean a much better appreciation of the playwright and his or her intentions, and thus have a complete understanding of the work itself.

Personal Philosophy Of Success Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Personal Philosophy Of Success - Essay Example In my life, I have realized many things through self-motivation. I am a leader of a self-motivational group. When we were electing the chair, most of the members of the group were not ready for that challenging leadership responsibility. A sense of intrinsic motivation to develop my leadership skills burned strongly in me, and I accepted the position of chairperson. The group has recorded tremendous progress, and all the members have appreciated my leadership. Self motivation has also enabled me to maintain a good grade here in school. Covey’s (89) third habit of working with a priority list, has guided me in prioritizing my education. Accepting personal responsibility is another strategy I plan to apply in my life. For the time I have applied this strategy in my life; it has worked very well enabling me to achieve great success. Taking a personal responsibility assists me in ensuring I do not procrastinate the activities I should do. For example, I do not keep on postponing my assignments over the weekend, only to do them at the rush hour. Accepting that it is my responsibility and allocating quality time for them has enabled me record a lot of success in academics. I believe that accepting personal responsibility will enable me raise a successful family, and achieve the life goals that I have set for my life. Maintaining and renewing a positive attitude, as well as, a good rapport with other people, and making friends with them, is another strategy that has kept me going in life. Covey (209) advises that, the habit of interpersonal leadership enables one to see opportunities in other people. Success in life requires that a person allows friends in their life, because one cannot succeed alone. In my life, friends have been of great value. In the leadership, I am sure I would not have recorded the success I have realized, were it not for my friends. I

Responsible Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Responsible Business - Essay Example Various industries, including the fashion retailing industry has been significantly focused on effective waste management strategies as one of the pivotal concerns of its Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) initiatives. Emphasising on this particular issue, the essay will focus on identifying the waste management strategies applied by NEXT applying various theoretical frameworks, governmental intervention policies and industrial aspects. Discussion A Theoretical Description Concentrating on Desjardins’ environmental perspectives, it can be argued that organizations should take necessary initiatives towards sustainable development rendering due consideration towards the various environmental aspects such as landfills and emission rates among others by performing ethically sound and responsible supply chain activities (Herman & et. al., 1990). As described by Desjardins, ‘dematerialization’ is primarily referred to the comprehensive or relative minimization in the quantity of materials or resources which are needed to produce goods or to maintain the economic position of a nation. It can be viewed in this regard that that there are limited amount of resources available from the surrounding environment whereas the activities which are developed in this eco-system needs unlimited consumption of resources in an unsustainable manner owing to which companies should emphasise on effective waste management strategies (Herman & et. al., 1990; Metro Vancouver, 2011). Based on a similar concern, Braungart & et. al. (2006) described that transformation of human industry through intelligent designing is necessary for ecological system implications. Contextually, eco-efficiency as well as zero emission is primarily concentrated towards minimizing the accidental negative consequences of manufacturing procedures often applied by industries (Braungart & et. al., 2006). With a similar viewpoint, Gibbs & et. al. (2012) described that industrial ecology and re gional development should be considered as a cluster policy when developing sustainability strategies, especially those concerning waste management. In this regard, organisations have often been suggested to concentrate upon applying industrial ecology standards with the objective to minimize or remove the negative consequences of economic development (Gibbs & et. al., 2012). Based on a similar context, Hawken & et. al. (1999) developed the theory of ‘Natural Capitalism’ which is considered as an evaluation framework of conventional ‘Industrial Capitalism’. This system also neglects the values of human capital in terms of living system, natural resources, socials and cultural system. Hence, it can be implied that ‘Natural Capitalism’ identifies the interdependence of human capital on the preservation of the natural capital (Birkin, 2001). Applying Theoretical Frameworks Waste Management Hierarchy In relation to waste management hierarchy, the o verall operation of NEXT within the UK and Ireland has primarily focused on how to minimize its environmental impact by

Leadership and Management in Nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Leadership and Management in Nursing - Essay Example Our nursing values are based on passion, respect, integrity, and on delivering the best healthcare services. Based on the above mission, vision, and values of our organization and of the nursing department, this paper shall now analyse such elements and discuss the extent to which these values are reflected in the nursing management and leadership of the hospital. The vision of the organization is to add years of healthy life to the people of Singapore. This vision is common to other health care organizations. This vision statement was able to capture the overall purpose of the organization. Vision statements of healthcare organizations present hopes for the future (Williamson, 1997). They are goals for the long-term and are based on general goals which the organization seeks to gradually obtain through the implementation of more specific objectives. This vision presents what the organization seeks to become as it now seeks to fulfil its mission. In the case of the hospital, it presents its larger goal and realization through its vision of seeking a longer life for the people of Singapore. It is also an inspirational and challenging statement. It presents a lofty and seemingly unobtainable goal, and it cannot stand alone without a more specific set of goals. The mission statements for the organization are closely linked to the organizationâ⠂¬â„¢s vision. The mission statement for the organization is more specific in attaining and reaching the organization’s end goal. It specifies its nature as an organization – that of building tradition; reaching out to the community; doing best to serve, care and heal; and of aiming for excellence in cost effective healthcare education and research. Mission statements for the organization are laid out in order to specify the products and services offered by the organization (Swayne, Ginter, & Duncan, 2006). Some hospitals and

Strategies for Patient Safety in Drug Administration

Strategies for Patient Safety in Drug Administration This essay will focus on the aspect of nurses providing quality care in relation to patient safety within the nursing context of safe practice of drug administration. It will further discuss the underlying risk factors that are related to drug administration error and also discuss how to maintain a good practice to ensure patient safety. Robert et al cited in the National Nursing Research Unit (NNRU 2012) that quality care can be defined as when a patient is satisfied with a service or treatment being given by healthcare professionals.To achieve thisresult nurses need support, providing them facilities such as a good workforce and understanding to help improve safe practice (NNRU 2008). As Griffith et al (2003) stated, medication administration is one of the most important duties that are commonly undertaken by nurses which requires official authorized professional mandatory in hospitals or any care settings where care is delivered. These also, are responsible for their own standard of how to care for their patients (NMC 2008). Consequent to this, NMC (2010)standards for pre-registration nursing education emphasise that nurses are expected to work along with patients andcarerswhen administering drugs by means of facilitating information in regards to their treatment so that the patient can choose the right medical treatment. Corben V (2009) recommended that if nurses provide patients with enough information as well as educating them will increase patient trust and courage to take their medications. NMC (2008) further suggested that nurses should work with the five rights of medication administration in delivering care in clinical settings. This involves; the specify patient, the right drug, route, time and dose thus preventing drug administration error. However, Elliot Liu (2010), emphasise on nine rights including right documentation, action, form and response of drug management to maximise safe drug administration. National Patient Safety Agency (2004) defines patient safety as an event that accidentally may cause damage or does not damage patients in clinical settings where care is delivered. Consequently, these nine rights are there to guide nurses, failure to do so may not onlyprotect the patient from harm thus could also lead to legal action against the registered nurse (Schelbred Nord 2007). This means the nurse is known to be competent in carrying  out such task (NNRU 2012). This can also cause the National Health Service (NHS) a huge amount of expenses (NPSA 2007). According to NPSA (2011a) in Tingle J (2011a) indicate that 11% of medication errors in hospital were reported including patients’ falls and trips. However, the rise of incidents reported does not mean that patients’ safety is at high risk. Nonetheless, this is to bring awareness for nurses to provide a good quality care. Therefore, the nurse should show concern in patient safety (NPSA 2011c cited in Tingle J). Elliot Liu (2010) highlighted that nurses are required to administer drugs to the right patient as prescribed. This involves verifying the patient’s name alongside by asking him or her to state their names, date of birth and hospital identity number on the wristband as well as drug chart which shows a safe practice. Nonetheless, calling patients’ by their name may not confirm the patient identity as some patient with cognitive impairment or having language barrier might respond with no doubt (Bunker Kowalski 2008). However, Elliot Liu (2010) cited that in some clinical environments, not all patients such as mental health and service userin nursing homes carry wristbands with the hospital identity number, as they may not be capableof identifyingthemselves individually. Therefore, Lynn P (2011) also argues that in general, the ideal method is that nurses should be checking patients’ wristband to identify their name. Nevertheless, Shulmeister L (2008)pointsout that nurses working under stress due to heavy work-load could lead to not verifying patients’ identity beforegiving medication as required. Although this does not justify for a staff nurse not to follow the guideline of patient safety (Gould 2009). Additionally, nurses are expected to give the right drug to the patient as being prescribed. In a situation where the nurse is in doubt or not familiar with the prescribe drug, the nurse administering medication should use the British National Formulary as a guide (Dimond 2003).Williams D.J.P (2007) cited that an error in drugadministering could occur when a patient is prescribed the wrong drug without understanding the patient’s medical status. Benjamin D (2003) emphasised that nurses should assess patients’ knowledge of any allergies from the right drug being prescribed.Where there is a good quality of safe drugadministration, staff administering drug are expected to do so. If an allergy is identified, it is thenurse’sduty to document it and address it to the prescriber. Although Elliot Liu (2010) cited that sometimes for the patient’s best interest, they are given medication in spite of any sensitive reaction that the patient may have experienced due to the benefits of administering the right drug is more than the allergy experience. As a result the nurse administering should take this into account. In addition to this, an effective team work within the multidisciplinary is essential as this contributes to patient safety (Miller et al 2001). Consequently, registered nurses inform the prescriber immediately when a patient surfers a possible reaction from the drug given and documented. Thus this prevents patient from danger which may have been caused by the medication given NMC (2008). Elliot Liu (2010) furthermore highlighted that safe drug administration does not only involve giving the right medication to a patient but also it is the duty of a nurse to observe if the patient is responding well to the drug given. Consequent to this, the nurse will have to assess the patient’s effectiveness of certain drugs being administered like anticoagulants; anti-arrhythmics and insulin which are so potential that the patient’s blood glucose level, pulse rate, respiratory or urine output will need to be checked. Wright K (2009) state that for nurses to administer medication to patients it involves knowledge in drug calculation as this will help the nurse to give the right drug dosage to patients. NMC (2008) further highlighted that even though nurses may find some drug calculations very tricky to solve, as a result to maintain a good nursing practice it is the duty for another member of registered professional nurse to verify the drug calculations autonomously to reduce possible errors in drug volume or quantity. Armitage Knapham (2003) in Agyemang R.E.O WhileA (2010) argue that, most common drug incidents in hospitals is that a number of senior nurses in clinical settings sometimes do not follow drug preparation guidelines to ensure that drug prepared by another memberofstaff is accurate or not due to the hierarchy that the senior nurse may have overajunior staff. According to Tang et al (2007) research has shown that more than a thirdof theerror in drug administration to patients is due to wrong dose. Williams D.J.P (2007 highlighted that approximately 5% of drug doses given to patient in hospital were caused by medication error even though it was not the intention of the prescriber. Elliot Liu (2010) highlighted that sometimes administering wrong drug to a patient may take place if a prescriber does not prescribe the correct unit such as mg (milligram) in its place for mcg (microgram). Therefore, nurses are accountable to ensure patients’ safety and that they should be able to interpret patient’s drug chart cautiously.Therefore to prevent wrong drug calculation the nurse must make every effort to give the correct dose (Elliot Liu 2010). A safe medication administration can improve patient safety if nurses administer drug on the correct route as indicated by the prescriber. This action is a must to nurses and where the right route is not identified on the prescription, the nurse understands that the drug should not be administered but reported to the prescriber (Jones 2010). According to NPSA (2007) approximately 2.1% of drug administration errors from clinical settings were accounted for drug given mistakenly via the wrong route. King’s College Medication administration policy (2010) further recommended nurses to perform safe medication administration; therefore, it is not acceptable for nurses to prepare at the same point in time drugs such as oral, intravenous and intramuscular as this can cause giving drugs to patients on the wrong route. For example, this safe practice was well recognised during my clinical placement. Registered nurses were administering medication according to the NMC (2008) Standard for Medicines Management as well as Kings College Hospital Medication policies which involve the nine rights. Even though sometimes nurses had heavy work-load on the ward yet this did not justify an unsafe medication practice. NMC (2008) highlighted that as nurses are accountable for promoting patient wellbeing, also the nurse administering drug shouldbeaware to give patients medications at the right time. By doing so will enhance the effectiveness of the drug being prescribed for the patient. On the other hand, in some institutions drugs administrations are sometimes given in between half an hour before or in a while than the prescribed time dosage (Boundy Stockert 2008). Dean S (2005) in Elliot Liu (2010) mentioned that an investigation carried out in clinical  settings showed 31% of drug administration errors were due to those patients who have been given their drug dose at the wrong prescribe time. Additionally, documentation is another core element of nursing quality of care. Nurses are aware of recording and signing patients’ drug chart including the common drug name (generic), prescribed dosage, time, route and the purpose of the prescribe drugs as emphasised (Woodrow 2007). Also, the nurse is known to document whether if the patient rejects their drug as well as the possibility of not remembering to take the drug. Failing to do so could lead patients to be administered the same drug two times since there is no indication which can show that it has been administered. Therefore, the role of the nurse is to maintain an accurate record keeping maximising safe drug administration topatients(Woodrow 2007). Gladstone J (1995) in Agyemang R.E.O While A (2010) cited that even though patients are always the victim of drug administration error, nonetheless, nurses committing drug error are psychologically affected of remorse and have less trust or fear in legal action raised against him or her. Nevertheless, nurses recognize that addressing a medication error is a must. Also, reporting an incident may not only protect the nurse’s imagebut prevent another possible error from occurring and can be addressedin the local trust where the nurse is employed (NPSA 2010). Thus nurses by doing this, manifest their sincerity of theirprofessional character (NMC 208). According to Fry Dacey (2007) a survey carried out in the United Kingdom 94% participant of 127 out of 135 highlighted interruptions as a major factor that causes drug administration errors. However, Hitchen L (2008) in Jones SW (2009) stated that a number of NHS trustshave introducedthe use of putting on red sleeveless coat to minimise interruptions during drug rounds. Drug administration has always been an important task in the nursing care with factors contributing to medication error which affects patient safety. Therefore, it is necessary that preventive measures should be taken to minimise drug error in clinical settings. This means nurses must develop their knowledge in medication along with patient’s medical care plan as well as following hospital drug guiding principles (Agyemang While 2010). Although nurses are putting into practice the five or nine rights of medication administration in clinical settings, it is still difficult to achieve good quality of care as drug errors are still occurring in hospitals. Therefore registered nurses should consider patient safety as a major concern in delivering care in clinical settings and to achieve this, the nurse should continue to focus and provide a safe atmosphere when administering drug (Elliot Liu 2010).

Ball Bearings :: essays research papers

The object of ball bearings (and roller bearings) is the substitution of pure rolling motion for plain sliding friction. Ball Bearings rely on the rolling motion of hardened steel balls to absorb loads. This rolling motion produces far less friction than the sliding motion. These steel balls are held in circular rows between an outer and inner ring, which have raceways, or slots, grooved into them to guide the balls. Ball bearings are available in both filling-slot and no filling-slot types. Other types of bearings have developed from these basic designs, like double-row and deep groove bearings, to handle specific application. No filling-slot bearings have a deep uninterrupted raceway, which allows them to carry both high radial loads as well as moderate Thrust loads. Filling-slot bearings have more balls than no filling bearings of comparable size. This gives them a higher radial load capacity, but Thrust loads must be light. Types of Ball bearing systems: Rigid single row ball bearing. - Basic type of bearing widely used. The balls run in comparatively deep grooved tracks, which make the bearing suitable for both radial (journal) load and axial thrust load. The bearing provides location of the shaft in relation to the housing when provided with suitable means of clamping. Rigid single row bearing with filling slots for balls. - This bearing contains more balls than the standard type and can therefore take heavier radial loads but only limited thrust. Rigid double row bearing. - For heavy radial loads and to provide greater rigidity. Requires accurate location if used in conjunction with another bearing. Self-aligning double row bearing. - For applications in which slight deflections cannot be avoided when rotating. Aligning single row bearing. - This bearing will correct initial angular misalignment between shaft and housing but is not designed to accommodate shaft deflection or misalignment when rotating. Angular contact single row bearing. - Gives precise axial location under thrust load. May be used in pairs to accommodate thrust in either direction. Duplex bearing. - Used to take heavy thrust in either direction or some radial load.

Grievance Redress Mechanism in Government

GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM IN GOVERNMENT GRIEVANCE REDRESS 1. 1Â  Grievance Redress Mechanism is part and parcel of the machinery of any administration. No administration can claim to be accountable, responsive and user-friendly unless it has established an efficient and effective grievance redress mechanism. In fact, the grievance redress mechanism of an organization is the gauge to measure its efficiency and effectiveness as it provides important feedback on the working of the administration. I. (A) STRUCTURE OF GRIEVANCE REDRESS MACHINERY AT APEX LEVEL The grievances of public are received at various points in the Government of India .There are primarily two designated nodal agencies in the Central Government handling these grievances. These agencies are:- (i)Â  Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances, Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances & Pensions (ii)Â  Directorate of Public Grievances, Cabinet Secretariat Department of Administrative Reforms & Public Grievances 2. 1Â  Department of Administrative Reforms & Public Grievances is the nodal agency in respect of policy initiatives on public grievances redress mechanism and citizen centric initiatives.The role of Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances consists primarily to undertake such citizen-centric initiatives in the fields of administration reforms and public grievances in the Government so as to enable the Government machinery to deliver quality public services to the citizen in a hassle-free manner and eliminate the causes of grievance. 2. 2Â  The grievances received by the Department are forwarded to the concerned Ministries/Departments/State Governments/UTs, who are dealing with the substantive function linked with the grievance for redress under intimation to the complainant.The Department ‘takes up’ about 1000 grievances every year depending upon the seriousness of the grievance and follows them regularly till their final disposal. This enables the Department to evaluate the effectiveness of the grievance redress machinery of the concerned government agency. 2. 3Â  On the basis of the grievances received, Department identifies the problem areas in Government which are complaint-prone. These problem areas are then subjected to studies and remedial measures are suggested to the Department/Organisation concerned. Directorate of Public Grievances (DPG) . 1Â  Based on the review of the public grievances redress machinery in Government of India carried out in 1987, the Directorate of Public Grievances was set up in the Cabinet Secretariat with effect from 01. 04. 88. This Directorate was set up initially to look into individual complaints pertaining to four Central Government Departments which were more prone to public complaints. Subsequently, more Departments having larger public interface were added to its purview and presently this Directorate is handling grievances pertaining to 16 Central Government Organisations . . 2Â  The Directorate was envisaged as an appellate body investigating grievances selectively and particularly those where the complainant had failed to get redress at the hands of internal machinery and the hierarchical authorities. Unlike the Department of AR&PG, Directorate of Public Grievances has been empowered to call for the files and officers for discussion to see that grievance handling has been done in a fair, objective and just manner.Wherever the Directorate is satisfied that the grievance has not been dealt in such a manner, it makes suitable recommendations for consideration and adoption by the concerned Ministry/Department which are required to be implemented within a period of one month. 3. 3Â  The empowered and enlightened citizenry of today is far more demanding and the government, therefore, has to develop, evolve and enable itself to meet the evolving demands of the society that it has to serve. The society oday is impatient with the old system of governance which is not coming up to its expectations. To them, a government employee is perceived as insensitive, aloof, corrupt and overall the administrative system as autocratic, opaque and with no work culture 3. 4Â  This requires a paradigm shift in governance to a system where the citizen is in the center and he is consulted at various stages of formulation and implementation of public policy. To achieve this objective, India needs a public service which is capable, innovative and forward looking.The traditional role of civil service which was of administrator, service provider and controller of development activities has to make way for the new roles of facilitator and regulator so as to create best environment and conditions in the country for building a nation of excellence. 3. 5Â  Department of Administrative Reforms & Public Grievances is the nodal agency in Government of India for formulation and implementation of such policies and strategic initiatives so as to enable and equip the government machinery to meet the challenges involved in achieving this objective. . 6Â  Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances is the driving engine of reforms in administration and governance. The Department proposes to introduce and lead Change to establish a public service of quality, efficiency, integrity and effectiveness and modernize the public service. It is the nodal agency in government for facilitating administrative improvements and reengineering of processes across the government. Citizen’s Charter initiative, Public Grievance Policy, Quality Management in Government, e-Governance, Review of Administrative Laws etc.Documentation and Dissemination of Best Practices, Organisation & Methods, Information & Facilitation Counters, Civil Services Reforms are some of the areas under the ambit of Department of Administrative Reforms & Public Grievances. 3. 7Â  Following are the necessary conditions for successful implementation of any reforms ag enda: –Â  Political mandate –Â  Committed and strong executive –Â  Willingness and capability to take on vested interests in the system II. (A) PUBLIC GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM IN CENTRAL GOVERNMENT MINISTRIES/ DEPARTMENTS/ ORGANISATIONS 4. Â  The Public Grievance Redress Mechanism functions in Government of India on a decentralized basis. The Central Government Ministries/Departments, their attached and subordinate offices and the autonomous bodies dealing with substantive functions as per Allocations of Business Rules, 1961 have their respective grievance redress machinery. An officer of the level of Joint Secretary is required to be designated as Director of Grievances of the Ministry/Department/Organisation. The role and functions of Directors of Grievances are given in Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances O.M. no. 1/PLCY/PG-88(7) dated 01. 03. 1988. This inter alia empowers the Directors of Grievances to call for files/reports an d take decisions or review decisions already taken, in consultation with Secretary/HOD even in those areas which do not fall within his/her domain/charge. 4. 2Â  The functioning of Public Grievance Redress Machineries in various Ministries/Departments/Organisations is regularly reviewed by a Standing Committee of Secretaries under the Chairmanship of Cabinet Secretary with Additional Secretary Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances as member-secretary. . 3Â  With a view to ensure prompt and effective redress to the grievances, a number of instructions have been issued by Department of AR&PG from time to time which, inter alia include:- (a)Â  Observe every Wednesday as a meetingless day in the Central Secretariat Offices when all the officers above a specified level should be available their desks from 1000hrs. to 1300hrs. to receive and hear public grievances. Field level offices having contact with the public have also to declare one day in the week as a meet ingless day. b)Â  Designate a Joint Secretary level officer as Director of Grievances including in autonomous bodies and public sector undertakings. (c)Â  Deal with every grievance in a fair, objective and just manner and issue reasoned speaking reply for every grievance rejected. (d)Â  Analyse public grievances received to help identification of the problem areas in which modifications of policies and procedures could be undertaken with a view to making the delivery of services easier and more expeditious. e)Â  Issue booklets/pamphlets about the schemes/services available to the public indicating the procedure and manner in which these can be availed and the right authority to be contacted for service as also the grievance redress authority. (f)Â  Pick up grievances appearing in newspaper columns which relate to them and take remedial action on them in a time bound manner. Issue rejoinders to newspapers after investigation in cases which are found to be baseless and/or damagin g to the image of the Organisation. g)Â  Strengthen the machinery for redress of public grievance through, strictly observing meetingless day, displaying name designation, room number, telephone number etc. of Director of Grievances at the reception and other convenient places, placing locked complaint box at reception. (h)Â  Set up Staff Grievance Redress Machinery and designate a Staff Grievance Officer. (i)Â  Include the public grievances work and receipt/disposal statistics relating to redress of public grievances in the Annual Action Plan and Annual Administrative Report of the Ministries/Departments. j)Â  Fix time limits for disposal of work relating to public grievances and staff grievances and strictly adhere to them. (k)Â  Acknowledge each grievance petition within three days of receipt, indicating the name, designation and telephone number of the official who is processing the case. The time frame in which a reply will be sent should also be indicated. (l)Â  Constitu te Lok Adalats/Staff Adalats, if not already constituted, and hold them every quarter for quicker disposal of public as well as staff grievances and pensioners’ grievances. m)Â  Constitute a Social Audit Panel or such other machinery, if not already constituted, for examining areas of public interface with a view to recommending essential changes in procedures to make the organization more people-friendly. (n)Â  Establish a single window system at points of public contact, wherever possible to facilitate disposal of applications. (o)Â  Indicating telephone/fax number of the officer whose signature over a communication regarding the decision/reply is to issue to the petitioner. p)Â  Monitoring of grievances in organisations under Ministries/Departments on a monthly basis. (q)Â  Publicising the grievance redress mechanism through the print and electronic media. (r)Â  Review of receipt and disposal of grievances by Secretaries of Ministries/Departments in the weekly meetin gs taken by them. (B) TYPES OF PUBLIC GRIEVANCES 5. 1Â  An analysis of grievances received in Department of Administrative Reforms & Public Grievances and Directorate of Public Grievances has revealed that the majority of grievances related to inordinate delay in aking decisions, extending from several months to several years and refusal/inability to make speaking replies/disclose basic information to the petitioners to enable them to examine whether their cases have been correctly decided. It is observed that, had the concerned organizations expeditiously and appropriately dealt with the grievances in the first instance, the complainants would not have approached Department of Administrative Reforms & Public Grievances/Directorate of Public Grievances. (C) SYSTEMIC PROBLEM AREAS 6. Â  There are rules, regulations, instructions which are archaic and aimed at shifting the work towards citizens. Slackness in administration, low morale of the services, inherent inertia, absence of in centives, lack of proper authority and accountability are the delay-breeders and the delay is the major factor that generates the grievances. These factors need to be tackled properly through systematic changes. Prevention is better than cure. On these lines, the best method to redress a grievance is not to allow the grievance to arise at the first instance.Even the redress of a grievance, that arose on account of delay, is also delayed as is revealed by the analysis of grievances according to which on a average six months are taken to redress a grievance. 6. 2Â  Many a times Departments/Organisations are found to avoid taking appropriate decisions by resorting to rejection without application of mind, not taking appropriate interest in functioning of subsidiary offices/linked autonomous organizations, and emphasize on disposal and not on the quality disposal.Decisions taken earlier are reiterated without subjecting the cases of independent examination. There is an inertia to revie w decisions taken by down-the-line functionaries. In many cases Departments/Organisations justify the delay and continue with their inability to take decisions by putting the onus on another agency or on the petitioner. Many a times, the actual cause of grievance lay in internal inefficiency of the system and failure to identify simple systemic solutions. It is also observed that the time norms set by Departments for providing services were not being adhered to in many cases. . 3Â  There is no doubt that grievances continue to arise because of a high systemic tolerance for delay, poor work quality and non-accountability in every day performance of functions. Failure to review archaic, redundant and incongruous rules, policies and procedures and to initiate simple, workable systemic changes is another cause for grievance generation. However, Departments and Organisations, which work with policies and procedures on a day-to-day basis, do not appear to have developed the ability to co ntinually look ‘within’ and identify deficiencies.All these factors have ensured that grievances, once arisen, many a time do not get resolved in ‘normal’ course and need intervention at the highest administrative level. 6. 4Â  Slackness in efficient functioning of ‘Directors of Grievances’ is identified as one of the prime cause for continuing delay in redress of grievances. Poor work quality, non-accountability in everyday performance of functions and failure to systemically review policies/procedures and suggest systemic changes are other important causes.In most Ministries, Departments and Organisations, the mechanism of Director of Grievances is not functioning as per the mandate prescribed. (D) Focus Areas 7. 1Â  In this context, it is the need of the time that the Government should review its pledge of providing hassle-free public services to the citizens by focusing on systemic changes to minimize the grievances in Government domain. In order to achieve this objective in a focused manner, it is necessary to evolve a multi-pronged strategy to be implemented in a time-bound and effective manner.Keeping in view the various factors involved in grievance redress issue, following areas need focused attention : 7. 2 Performance Review – Foreseeing areas of dissatisfaction (a)Â  To review processes, functions etc. in the organization and to cast them pro-actively in a manner that would foresee areas of dissatisfaction, identify activities where transparency, equity, prudence and propriety are compromised, interventions that can help achieve better outcomes, improve satisfaction of internal and external stakeholders. b)Â  An annual review of laws, rules, regulations, instructions and procedures be carried out with a view to simplify the procedure making the administration more transparent, accountable and citizen-friendly. Information Technology should be employed in re-engineering of governmental processes in o rder to improve efficiency and effectiveness and ensuring transparency and accountability. 7. 3 Identification of Grievance Prone Areas and Analysis (a)Â  Identify areas susceptible to corruption and/or grievance generation and conduct work audit of such areas.In addition, consider external/social audit in areas of very high public interface, with the aim of identifying wrong doers and improving processes and systems. Involve NGOs in the exercise. (b)Â  Analyse the nature and causes of grievances with the aim of identifying systemic deficiencies in laws, rules, regulations, policies, instructions, work practices and procedures, and effecting systemic changes to remove/correct these deficiencies. The Directors of Grievances be the nodal officers for such purpose. The analysis should be conducted in the month of April every year and studies of identified grievance prone areas be undertaken.Recommendations made in the studies should be implemented by December of that year so as to br ing systemic changes and remove the Causes of grievances. (c)Â  Fix responsibility in each and every case of delay, default or dereliction in performance of every day duties on failure to deliver services, and take disciplinary action to avoid recurrence. This will send a clear signal that in the event of failure to perform duties or deal appropriately with grievances within the time frame norms prescribed, a real possibility of having responsibility fixed on one’s shoulder exists.Consider the feasibility of prescribing specific penalty clauses in such cases. 7. 4 Citizen’s Charter Formulation and effective implementation of Citizen’s Charters, which should, inter-alia, include disclosure of time norms for providing various services to the citizens/clients and details of all levels of grievance redress machinery that may be approached. 7. 5 Information & Facilitation Counters (IFC) Setting up and effective operationalisation of IFC’s civic society may be involved in the functioning of IFCs to make them citizen- friendly and effective. 7. 6 On Line Registration of GrievancesMake ‘Public Grievance Redress and Monitoring System’ (PGRAMS) software, operational with every Director of Grievances. This shall enable the Director of Grievances to immediately place the details of grievances received in a database (efficient ‘dak’ management) as well as record the fact whether he intends to monitor its progress, identify the section/division where it is being sent, etc. , generate the time taken in dealing with the grievance, enable review of pending grievances in the organisation or across the organisations, generate acknowledgements to complainants, conduct analysis etc.The system should also have the facility of on-line registration of grievances by the citizens and access to information on the status of his/her grievances. 7. 7 Prompt and Effective Redress of Grievances (a)Â  ll grievances should be necessarily acknowledged, with an interim reply within 3 days of receipt and redressed within 3 months of receipt in the Organisation. The same time limit should apply even if co-ordination with subsidiary offices or another Department/Organisation is involved. In such instances special efforts, to be suo moto disclosed when reports are called, should be made. b)Â  No grievance is to be rejected without having been independently examined. At a minimum, this means that an officer superior, to the one who delayed taking the original decision or took the original decision that is cause for grievance, should actually examine the case as well as the reply, intended to be sent to the grievance holder. (c)Â  Make the ‘Director of Grievances’ effective through the following inter-related steps: (i)Â  Secretaries/Organisational Heads ensuring that Directors of Grievances are fully ‘empowered’ in accordance with instructions to perform their role. ii)Â  All grievance represe ntations received in the Department/Organisation, either by mail, fax, e-mail to be invariably routed through Director of Grievances before they go to concerned sections/divisions. At this stage, Office of the Director of Grievances shall go through the representations and come to a prima-facie view regarding the gravity of the matter involved and decide whether it shall monitor the case or allow down-the-line functionaries to independently deal with it.Directors of Grievances should monitor and follow up at least 3 to 5 percent of grievances received to enable them to assess the efficacy of grievance redress mechanism. (iii)Â  Fix responsibility in each case of delay, default and dereliction of duty, identified by Director of Grievances, and take appropriate action against concerned personnel. In addition, consider feasibility of prescribing specific penalty clauses for such failures. 7. 8 Review and Monitoring of Grievance Redress MechanismEnsure meaningful review of the performa nce of grievance redress machinery of the Ministry/Organisation as well as that of attached/ subordinate organization by Secretary/ Head of the Department on a monthly basis. Review should also cover action against defaulters. III. ROLE OF REGULATORS, OMBUDSMAN AND LIKE BODIES 8. 1Â  An explosive issue today in context of public grievance redress is the pace and phasing of the movement towards open markets after the gradual abandonment of centralized planning model.The Government is today withdrawing from various service sectors traditionally monopolosized by it and private enterprise is moving in. This may lead to a scenario where the Government monopolies are replaced by even more vicious private monopolies or cartels in the absence of adequate regulation, enforcement and recourse to grievance redress. 8. 2Â  This has significant implications for the role of Government. The Government can not just abandon the interests of citizens to be taken care of by the market forces in area s of service delivery covered by the private sector.In the open market scenario, it is often the major stakeholders and players which define the cost, quality and mechanism etc. of service delivery. 8. 3Â  The Government therefore needs to put in place appropriate mechanisms in the regulatory authorities, ombudsmen and like bodies in such sectors so that the concerns of individual citizens are also accorded equal importance and weightage and are appropriately and effectively addressed. They should safeguard the interests of the common citizens and ensure that the grievances of the citizens are attended to promptly and effectively.